- In color reproduction, including computer graphics and photography, the gamut, or color gamut /
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Infrared - Wikipedia. A false color image of two people taken in long- wavelength infrared (body- temperature thermal) light.
It extends from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 7. THz), to 1. 00. 00. GHz). Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared.
Like all EMR, IR carries radiant energy, and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle, the photon. Infrared was discovered in 1. Sir William Herschel, who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a thermometer. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth's climate.
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Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational- vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range. Night- vision devices using active near- infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor- equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space such as molecular clouds, detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red- shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Military applications include target acquisition, surveillance, night vision, homing, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 1.
Non- military uses include thermal efficiency analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, remote temperature sensing, short- ranged wireless communication, spectroscopy, and weather forecasting. Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 4. THz down to 3. 00 GHz. Below infrared is the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. At zenith, sunlight provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 5.
Of these natural thermal radiation processes only lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible- light energy. Regions within the infrared. Thermal infrared radiation also has a maximum emission wavelength, which is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of object, in accordance with Wien's displacement law. Therefore, the infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections.
Commonly used sub- division scheme. Image intensifiers are sensitive to this area of the spectrum. Examples include night vision devices such as night vision goggles. Short- wavelength infrared. SWIR, IR- B DIN1. The 1. 53. 0 to 1.
Mid- wavelength infrared. MWIR, IR- C DIN; Mid. IR. This region is also known as thermal infrared. Long- wavelength infrared. LWIR, IR- C DIN8–1. This region is also called the .
Due to the nature of the blackbody radiation curves, typical . The three regions are used for observation of different temperature ranges, and hence different environments in space. The most common photometric system used in astronomy allocates capital letters to different spectral regions according to filters used; I, J, H, and K cover the near- infrared wavelengths; L, M, N, and Q refer to the mid- infrared region.
These letters are commonly understood in reference to atmospheric windows and appear, for instance, in the titles of many papers. Sensor response division scheme. In. Ga. As covers to about 1. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. No international standards for these specifications are currently available. The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 7. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 7.
However, particularly intense near- IR light (e. IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 7.
Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1. IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR- filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR- passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR- glowing foliage. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed. In this thermal image, the ceramic cylinder appears to be hotter than its cubic container (made of silicon carbide), while in fact they have the same temperature. Infrared radiation is popularly known as . Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 4.
Visible light or ultraviolet- emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emitradiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 2. Unlike heat transmitted by thermal conduction or thermal convection, thermal radiation can propagate through a vacuum.
Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that is associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiations are associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X- ray regions (e. Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth.
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre- set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler.
For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers. Applications. Despite a dark back- lit scene, active- infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor. Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to the massively reduced production costs. Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to .
The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name). Hyperspectral imaging. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The infrared spectra of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics.
The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object. Hyperspectral imaging is gaining importance in the field of applied spectroscopy particularly with NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements. Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging can be similarly performed using a Thermographic camera, with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum.
Consequently, chemical identification of the object can be performed without a need for an external light source such as the sun or the moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and UAV applications.
Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can .
This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR- bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T- ray' imaging, which is imaging using far- infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T- ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time- domain spectroscopy. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as .
Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background. For example, it is used in infrared saunas to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de- icing). In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating. Efficiency is achieved by matching the wavelength of the infrared heater to the absorption characteristics of the material. Communications. These devices usually conform to standards published by Ir. DA, the Infrared Data Association.
Remote controls and Ir.